2017 International Congress Archives - Page 53 of 155

Identification of a trehalose treatment regimen with potential to be translated into a therapeutic for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease

J. Koprich, P. Howson, T. Johnston, M. Hill, P. Ravenscroft, J. Brotchie (Toronto, ON, Canada)
Identification of the optimal carbidopa concentration in subcutaneously administered ND0612

L. Adar, T. Rachmilewitz Minei, S. Oren (Rehovot, Israel)
Idiopathic acquired sporadic (non-wilsonian) Hepatocerebral degeneration

S. Desai, P. Thakkar, S. Seth, b. vaishnav, P. Buch, J. Mannari (Anand, India)
IGF-1 levels are associated with CSF pathology and executive dysfunction in de novo Parkinson’s disease patients

G. Dervenoulas, G. Pagano, F. Niccolini, M. Politis (London, United Kingdom)
Imaging of phosphodiesterase 10 A (PDE10A) enzyme levels in the living human brain of Huntington’s disease gene expansion carriers and healthy controls with positron emission tomography.

P. Fazio, C. Fittzer-Attas, J. Bronzova, S. Nag, J. Warner, B. Landwehrmeyer, N. Al-Tawil, C. Halldin, L. Mrzljak, C. Sampaio, A. Varrone (Stockholm, Sweden)
Imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission following rotenone administration suggestive of Parkinson’s-like symptoms in male rats

S. Madiha, S. Haider (Karachi, Pakistan)
Immunomodulatory therapy in stiff-person syndrome (SPS): a controlled Rituximab-randomised study

M. Amarandei (Bucharest, Romania)
Impact and communication of OFF periods in Parkinson disease

T. Rastgardani, M. Armstrong, A. Gagliardi, C. Marras (Toronto, ON, Canada)
Impact of Duopa™ on Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Patients with Deep Brain Stimulation

A. Wadhwa, R. Govindarajan, I. Asher (Columbia, MO, USA)
Impact of injection interval on patient satisfaction in the routine treatment of cervical dystonia with abobotulinumtoxinA

R. Trosch, V. Misra, P. Maisonobe, S. Om (Farmington Hills, MI, USA)
Impact of levodopa-induced dyskinesias on Health-related Quality of Life. Results from the French COPARK study.

S. Perez-Lloret, L. Negre-Pages, P. Damier, A. Delval, P. Derkinderen, A. Destée, W. Meissner, F. Tison, O. Rascol (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Impact of weekly dance classes on quality of life of individuals with Parkinson’s Disease.

L. Krejcova, J. Brito, W. Cohen, C. Bahia (Belem, Brazil)
Impacts of CSF kynurenine pathway on neuroinflammaion in patients with Parkinson’s disease

K. Iwaoka, T. Maeda, Y. Terayama (Morioka, Japan)
Impacts of White Matter Hyperintensities on Limit of Stability in Drug-naïve, de novo Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease

J.-H. Park, S.-K. Lee, T.-K. Lee (Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea)
Impaired cerebellum to motor cortex associative plasticity in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3

M.-K. Lu, J.-C. Chen, C.-M. Chen, C.-H. Tsai (Taichung, Taiwan)
Impaired cerebral and systemic endothelial dysfunction in patients with restless legs syndrome

M.S. Kim, J.H. Yoon (Suwon, Republic of Korea)
Impaired Color Vision in Patients with DLB or Prodromal DLB.

B. Tousi, P. Flanigan, M. Khosravi (Cleveland, OH, USA)
Impaired intracortical inhibition is associated with reduced hand dexterity in Parkinson’s disease patients

S. Filipović, A. Kačar, S. Milanović, M. Ljubisavljević, V. Kostić (Beograd, Serbia)
Impaired Pain Processing in Functional Dystonia

F. Morgante, A. Matinella, E. Andrenelli, C. Allegra, C. Terranova, P. Girlanda, M. Tinazzi (Messina, Italy)
Impaired sensorimotor and visual networks in drug naive Parkinson’s disease based on graph theoretical analysis

H. Chen (Beijing, China)
Impaired stress-induced mitophagy in parkinsonian LRRK2(R1441G) knockin mutant mice

P.W.-l. Ho, C.S.-c. Lam, H.-f. Liu, G.C.-t. Leung, L. Li, M.H.-w. Kung, D. Ramsden, S.-l. Ho (Hong Kong, Hong Kong)
Implanted Brain-Computer Interface for communication in people with motor impairment

E. Pels, E. Aarnoutse, M. Vansteensel, S. Leinders, Z. Freudenburg, M. Branco, M. Vanden Boom, T. Denison, N. Ramsey (Utrecht, Netherlands)
Implementation and Validation of a Biometric Solution for Remote Monitoring of Motor Symptoms in Patients with Huntington Disease in a Phase II Clinical Trial

S. Papapetropoulos, S. Fine, E. Cohen, C. Admati, Y. Dolan, I. Grachev, I. Grossman, M. Hayden (Petach Tikva, Israel)
Implicit memory analysis in patients with Parkinson’s Disease with Deep Brain Stimulation, in ON and OFF stages, using a computerized test battery.

E. Barbosa, H. Charchat-Fichman, J. Santos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Improved Detection of Gait Abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease using an IMU Sensor-based System

B. Shiwani, S. Roy, J. Kline, M. Saint-Hilaire, C. Thomas, M. Gennert, G. De Luca (Natick, MA, USA)
Improved diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies by the combination of Tc-99m ECD SPECT with eZIS analysis and quantitative TRODAT-1 SPECT images

C.-Y. Wei, P.-Y. Chiu (Changhua County, Taiwan)
Improved sleep quality evaluated by Parkinson’s disease sleep scale after deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus internus

N. Nishida, H. Toda, H. Saiki, S. Matsumoto, K. Iwasaki (Osaka, Japan)
Improvement in attention/memory domains in advanced Parkinson’s disease patients treated with levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel is associated with better quality of life

D. Standaert, R. Rodriguez, J. Slevin, M. Lobatz, C. Hall, M. Facheris, J. Benesh, S. Dubow (Birmingham, AL, USA)
Improvement in hand tremor following carpal tunnel release surgery

A. Hollingsworth, S. Wijemanne (San Antonio, TX, USA)
Improvement Observed in Children with combined GPi and VL Thalamus Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Secondary Dystonia

D. German, T. Sanger (Los Angeles, CA, USA)
Improvement of apraxia of eyelid opening in a patient with Parkinson’s disease following the change of the implantable pulse generator for subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation .

T. Kadowaki, K. Suzuki, E. Hoshiyama, T. Uchiyama, T. Shingo, K. Hirata (Mibu, Japan)
Improvement of memory guided saccade amplitude by the STN DBS and target eccentricity

A. YUGETA, Y. TERAO, Y. UGAWA (Tokyo, Japan)
Improvement on gait in Parkinson’s disease patients using Honda stride management assist device

N. Kawashima, M. Matsuhashi, T. Hamano, K. Nagami, T. Furukado, M. Iijima, M. Isogai, M. Komachi, A. Kumon, K. Miyashita, A. Sato, K. Hasegawa (Fujisawa, Japan)
Improvements in Clinical Global Impression of Change With Deutetrabenazine Treatment in Tardive Dyskinesia From the ARM-TD and AIM-TD Studies

H. Fernandez, D. Stamler, M. Davis, S. Factor, R. Hauser, J. Isojärvi, L. Jarskog, J. Jimenez-Shahed, R. Kumar, S. Ochudlo, W. Ondo, K. Anderson (Cleveland, OH, USA)
Improving Clinical Trials Through Patient Input: Outcomes of a Partnership Between Pfizer and the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation

K. Schroeder, M. Fenney, D. Gray, T. Rolph, S. Sohur, V. Todaro (New York, NY, USA)
Improving Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease: IDATA-PD Study

N. Dissanayaka, N. Pachana, J. O'Sullivan, R. Marsh, P. Silburn, E. White, E. Torbey, D. Pye, L. Mitchell, J.H. Yang, T. Au, G. Mellick, D. Copland, A. Toft, G. Byrne (Brisbane, Australia)
Improving Nursing Education on the care of those with Parkinson’s disease

G. Vernon (Philadelphia, PA, USA)
Improving Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Parkinson`s Disease Clinical Trials

S. Ray, A. Madan, D. Burdick, A. Griffith, P. Agarwal (Kirkland, WA, USA)
Impulse control disorder and associated clinical factors in drug-naïve Parkinson’s disease.

D. Gupta, M. Marano, S. Fahn (New York, NY, USA)
Impulse Control Disorders in Early Onset and Familial PD

R. Rees, N. Williams, Y. Ben-Shlomo, D. Grosset, H. Morris (London, United Kingdom)
Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease; description of a New Zealand cohort

A. Garvey, S. Buchanan, N. Cutfield (Dunedin, New Zealand)
Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: Prevalence and Clinical Features in the Rush University Movement Disorders Clinic

M. Rossi, G. Stebbins, B. Barton (Chicago, IL, USA)
Impulsive-compulsive behaviors in patients with Parkinson´s disease in Kannur, India

N. Svensson, S. Ovallath, R. Constantinescu (Göteborg, Sweden)
In silico predictive analytics: accelerating identification of potential disease-modifying compounds for Parkinson’s disease

N. Visanji, A. Lacoste, S. Spangler, E. Argentinis, S. Ezell, C. Marras, L. Kalia (Toronto, ON, Canada)
In vivo evaluation of tau and amyloid pathology in Corticobasal Syndrome

F. Niccolini, H. Wilson, S. Hirschbichler, G. Pagano, R. Erro, T. Yousaf, A. Whittington, J. Holton, D. Martino, E. Rabiner, R. Gunn, K. Bhatia, M. Politis (London, United Kingdom)
In vivo mapping of nigro-striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in early Parkinson´s disease patients using [18F]FE-PE2I and high-resolution positron emission tomography.

P. Fazio, P. Svenningsson, Z. Cselenyi, C. Halldin, L. Farde, A. Varrone (Stockholm, Sweden)
In-patient Parkinson courses and caregiver burden

K. Martikainen, S. Kinos, R. Marttila (Turku, Finland)
Incorporating Specialist Independent Prescribing Pharmacist (SIPP) sessions into the Movement Disorder Service

D. Fletcher, E. Thomas, B. Mohamed (Cardiff, United Kingdom)
Increased and symmetric expression of rigidity in early Parkinson’s disease with abnormal REM sleep without atonia

M. Petrucci, S. Amundsen Huffmaster, C. Lu, P. Tuite, M. Howell, C. MacKinnon (Minneapolis, MN, USA)
Increased appendicular lean body mass is associated with increased cerebral cholinergic innervation in Parkinson disease

J. Chua, M. Müller, M. Beaulieu, S. Nejad-Davarani, N. Bohnen (Ann Arbor, MI, USA)
Increased bilirubin levels in Parkinson’s disease from southern Spain.

D. Macias Garcia, D. Macias Garcia, C. Mendez Barrio, S. Jesus, M.A. Labrador Espinosa, M. Bernal Escudero, L. Vargas Gonzalez, A. Adarmes Gomez, F. Carrillo, M. Carballo, P. Gómez-Garre, P. Mir (Seville, Spain)
Increased BMI May Protect Against Parkinson’s Disease: Evidence From A Mendelian Randomisation Study

A. Noyce, D. Kia, G. Hemani, A. Nicolas, T. Price, E. Fernandez, P. Haycock, P. Lewis, T. Foltynie, G. Davey Smith, A. Schrag, A. Lees, J. Hardy, A. Singleton, M. Nalls, N. Pearce, D. Lawlor, N. Wood (London, United Kingdom)
Increased hippocampal activation in Parkinson’s disease related amnestic mild cognitive impairment

K. Perepezko, A. Gold, A. Bakker, G. Pontone, C. Speck, L. Rosenthal (Baltimore, MD, USA)
Indian ARSACS (Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix- Saugenay): Clinical report of the first genetically proven case from India, due to a novel SACS duplication

P. Agarwal (Mumbai, India)
Induced pluripotent stem cells based in-vitro modelling of Spinocerebellar Ataxia type -12 (SCA-12).

D. Kumar, M. Faruq, A. Srivastava, M. Mukerji, O. Mukherjee (Delhi, India)
Inferring the presence of Parkinsonian rest tremor from subthalamic local field potential recordings

J. Hirschmann, J.-M. Schoffelen, A. Schnitzler, M. van Gerven (Düsseldorf, Germany)
Influence of major earthquakes and their effects on patients with Parkinson’s disease: A multi-institutional study

R. Kurisaki, H. Ueyama, Y. Maeda, T. Sakamoto, K. Nakahara, S. Nakane, S. Yamashita, Y. Ando (Koshi, Japan)
INFLUENCES OF GENDER, DEPRESSION AND DISEASE SEVERITY ON MoCA SUBSCORES IN PARKSINON’S DISEASE

P. Surathi, M. Mirian, K. Sundvick, S. Cresswell, M. McKeown (Vancouver, BC, Canada)
Information Content of Spoken Language in Parkinson’s Disease Without Dementia

A. Roberts, D. Post, S. Gutierrez (Evanston, IL, USA)
Information transfer between subthalamic area and forearm muscles during tonic muscle activity in Parkinson’s patients

I. Weber, E. Florin, M. von Papen, L. Timmermann (Marburg, Germany)
Infusion Rate Dependent Acute Neuropathic Pain with Duopa™ in a Patient with Parkinson’s disease and Pre-Existing Neuropathy

A. Shukla, R. Govindarajan, I. Asher (Columbia, MO, USA)
Inhaling xenon ameliorates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson disease through normalizing maladaptive corticostriatal plasticity

E. Bezard, J. Bauffreton, Q. Li, G. Porras, W.K. Ko, E. Pioli, M. Cazalon, S. Morin, G. Farjot, J. Pype, B. Bessiere (Bordeaux, France)
Inhibiting sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase as a possible therapy in Huntington’s disease

E. Furr Stimming, J.F. Manchon, A. Tsvetkov (Houston, TX, USA)
Inhibition of long term memory and induction of biochemical deficits in rats following protofibrillar Aβ 1-42 injection

B. Nehru, S. Sharma (Chandigarh, India)
Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I synthesis by chloramphenicol mitigates dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in PQ-induced parkinsonism

S.J. Kim, J. Han, Y. Jang, J. Kim, M.J. Lee, I. Ryu, X. Ju, M.J. Ryu, W. Chung, J.Y. Heo (Daejeon, Republic of Korea)
Injection guidance use in the management of cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin

D. Charles, T.M. Chung, C. Colosimo, V. Misra, P. Maisonobe, S. Om (Nashville, TN, USA)
Innovative recruitment strategies accelerate enrollment of genetic mutation carriers in the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI)

V. Arnedo, S. Lasch, T. Foroud, L. Heathers, J. Martorelli, C. Halter, N. Ryerson, J. Verbrugge, L. Cook, K. Marek (New York, NY, USA)
Inpatient care for stiff person syndrome in the United States: A nationwide readmission study

J. Crispo, D. Thibault, Y. Fortin, A. Willis (Sudbury, ON, Canada)
Instrumental Measurement of Stepping in Place – Detection of Asymmetry and Freezing of Gait

K. Otte, T. Vater, T. Ellermeyer, L. Rasche, G. Wenzel, B. Kayser, S. Mansow-Model, A. Kühn, F. Paul, A. Brandt, A. Lipp, T. Schmitz-Hübsch (Berlin, Germany)
Insulin Resistance In Non-Diabetic People With Parkinson’s Disease

M. Tagliati, E. Tan, J. Eskenazi, C. Basile, E. Hogg (Los Angeles, CA, USA)
Integration of risk factors for PD in two large longitudinal cohorts

I. Kim, E. O'Reilly, K. Hughes, X. Gao, M. Schwarzschild, A. Ascherio (Boston, MA, USA)
Intensive Short-Term Dance Intervention in Parkinson’s Disease

D. Rabinovich, J. DeSouza, T. Arakaki, S. Rodriguez Quiroga, V. Litvak, J. Firmani, N. Garreto (Toronto, ON, Canada)
Intention Awareness in Parkinson’s Disease

S. Di Costa, E. Barow, C. Moll, U. Hidding, O. Fründt, C. Gerloff, R. Erro, M. Pötter-Nerger, C. Buhmann, P. Haggard, C. Ganos (LONDON, United Kingdom)
Interaction between PLK2 ( Polo-like kinase-2) and alpha-synuclein in the non-human primate MPTP model of Parkinson disease

R. Valenti-Azcarate, I. Martinez-Valbuena, M.-M. Carmona-Abellan, I. Marcilla-Garcia, G. Marti-Andres, M.R. Luquin-Piudo (Pamplona, Spain)
Interaction of dietary protein with levodopa in Parkinson disease.

B. Sharma, A. Rassmann, T. Virmani (Little Rock, AR, USA)
Interactions between amyloid-β and microglial activation in Parkinson’s disease

C. Ghadery, Y. Koshimori, J. Kim, S. Coakeley, M. Harris, L. Christopher, P. Rusjan, A. Lang, S. Houle, A. Strafella (Toronto, ON, Canada)
Interest in Genetic Testing in Parkinson’s disease patients with DBS

A. Fraint, G. Pal, C. Timms, E. Tam, R. Bhavsar, L. Verhagen, D. Hall, K. Marder (Chicago, IL, USA)
Interim Results of an Ongoing Open-label Safety Study of ADS-5102 (amantadine hydrochloride) Extended-Release Capsules for Treatment of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia (LID) (EASE LID 2 Study)

R. Hauser, R. Pahwa, C. Tanner, W. Oertel, S. Isaacson, M.J. Stempien, L. Felt, R. Johnson (Tampa, FL, USA)
Interleaved Stimulation for Freezing of Gait in Advanced Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study

R. Rajan, S. Zafer, S. Krishnan, K. Kesavapisharady, A. Kishore (Trivandrum, India, India)
Intermuscular and cortico-muscular coherence of patients with writer’s cramp

H. Kumar, S. Choudhury, P. Chatterjee, R. Singh, S. Trivedi, S. Shubham, M. Baker, S. Baker (Kolkata, India)
Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for general function in patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A randomized controlled trial.

M. Kraepelien, R. Schibbye, P. Svenningsson, N. Lindefors, V. Kaldo (Stockholm, Sweden)
Interrelation between chronic pain syndrome and cognitive and affective disturbances in patients with Parkinson’s disease

K. Stepanchenko (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Interval from onset of Parkinson disease to onset of motor and non-motor complications in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S positive versus matched PD controls

S. Gunzler, D. Riley, A. Wilson-Delfosse, S. Chen, J. Mieyal, C. Tatsuoka (Cleveland, OH, USA)
Intracerebroventricular administration of dopamine: A new therapeutic concept for Parkinson’s disease?

C. LALOUX, F. GOUEL, C. LACHAUD, K. Timmerman, A. Jonneaux, C. Moreau, R. BORDET, J.-c. DEVEDJIAN, D. DEVOS (LILLE, France)
Intracortical plasticity is preserved in de novo Parkinson’s disease: a tSMS study.

M. Dileone, V. Catanzaro, J. Obeso, G. Foffani (Mostoles, Spain)
Intracranial calcifications and dystonia associated with a novel deletion encompassing SLC20A2 and THAP1

L. Tochen, H. Singer, K. Baranano (Washington, DC, USA)
Intrajejunal levodopa infusion (ILI) for Parkinson’s Disease (PD): A Canadian Experience

P. Podgorny, P. McCann, K. Toore, G. Tremain, A. Lazarescu, O. Suchowersky (Edmonton, AB, Canada)
Intranasal delivery of insulin for the restoration of memory signaling in Alzheimer disease

M. Bhargava, S. Bhargava, V. Bhargava (Kanpur, India)
Intrathecal Administration of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Multiple System Atrophy – A Phase I/II Dose-Escalation Trial

W. Singer, A. Dietz, A. Zeller, T. Gehrking, J. Schmelzer, D. Sletten, J. Gehrking, E. Coon, P. Sandroni, E. Benarroch, R. Fealey, J. Matsumoto, J. Bower, J. Ahlskog, A. Hassan, A. McKeon, B. Klassen, P. Low (Rochester, MN, USA)
INTREPID Trial: A Prospective, Double blinded, Multi-center Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation with a New Multiple-Source, Constant-Current Rechargeable System in Parkinson’s Disease

J. Vitek, R. Jain, P. Starr (Minneapolis, MN, USA)
Investigating the Association between Anxiety and Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease: A Descriptive Study

A. Toft, J. Yang, G. Byrne, J. O'Sullivan, L. Mitchell, D. Copland, N. Dissanayaka (Brisbane, Australia)
Investigating the Lipidomic Signature of Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA1) Using A Liquid-Microjunction Surface Sampling Probe

V. Vedam-Mai, E. Gill, M. Marks, R. Yost, T. Garrett (Gainesville, FL, USA)
Investigation of Non-Motor Symptoms Impacting Care Dependency in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease

M. Bryant, A. Tan, J.-G. Hou, E. Protas (Houston, TX, USA)
Is cognitive decline similar among Parkinson’s disease motor sub-types? A prospective study examining changes over time in gait, balance and cognition

T. Herman, L. Arie, S. Shema-Shiratzky, N. Giladi, J. Hausdorff (Tel Aviv, Israel)
Is Hypertension and Certain Anti Hypertensive Agents Increase The Risk of Parkinson Disease?

R. Pinzon (Yogyakarta, Indonesia)
Is the cerebellum a good target for neuromodulation in movement disorders?

C. França, M. Teixeira, D. de Andrade, R. Galhardoni, V. Barbosa, V. Silva, G. Lepski, E. Barbosa, R. Cury (São Paulo, Brazil)
Is the GBA2 a new modifier for Gauchers’s disease and GBA1-related Parkinson’s disease?

E. Nakanishi, N. Uemura, H. Akiyama, M. Kinoshita, H. Yamakado, S. Takeda, Y. Hirabayashi, R. Takahashi (kyoto, Japan)
Is There a Correlation Between Functional Capacity Upper Limbs and Falls Risk and Postural Instability in Parkinson’s Disease?

T. Capato, R. RODRIGUES, E. Barbosa, M.E. Piemonte (SAO PAULO, Brazil)
Is there a significant relationship between weight loss and prevalence of side effects of Parkinsonian medication? A retrospective, single-centre analysis, South Wales, UK.

B. Schroeder, E. Thomas, T. Williams, S. Mahon, B. Mohamed (Cardiff, United Kingdom)
Istradefylline and Preladenant as adjuvant therapies for Patients with Parkinson’s disease

A. Negida, Z. Hassan, H. Ahmed, O. Hassan, A. Elsherbiny, S. Azzam, O. Osama, Y. Ibrahim (Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt)
Istradefylline for daytime sleepiness and sleep disturbances in patients with Parkinson’s disease: an open-label, 3-month study

K. Suzuki, M. Miyamoto, T. Miyamoto, T. Uchiyama, Y. Watanabe, T. Kadowaki, K. Hirata (Mibu, Japan)
Istradefylline improves motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis

W. Sako, N. Murakami, K. Motohama, Y. Izumi, R. Kaji (Tokushima, Japan)
Istradefylline improves not only motor symptoms but also sleep disturbance, daytime sleepiness, and QOL of Parkinson’s disease patients.

K. Ohta, Y. Kujuro, T. Osada (Tokyo, Japan)
Item Response Theory Analysis of the MDS-UPDRS Items

G. Stebbins, C. Goetz, Y. Liu, S. Luo (Chicago, IL, USA)